The Effect of Calorie Restriction on The Growth of Adipose Tissue in Mice

The aging process can be slowed by reducing the calorie intake consumed by the body by calorie restriction or fasting. This study aimed to analyze the effect of calorie restriction on adipose tissue in mice. The experimental research design uses 12 months old Rattus Novergicus Strain Wistar, weighing 250–300 grams. The intervention was carried out for 14 days, then the average weight of subcutaneous and visceral fat was measured using Kruskal Wallis analysis and ANOVA. Based on the four treatment groups, the mice fasting and given a high-calorie diet (group 4) had the highest average fat weight value of 4.02 grams in the subcutaneous and 3.55 grams in the visceral area. Meanwhile, in group 1, mice that were not fasting and did not get a high-calorie diet had the lowest average fat weight values, namely 2.14 grams in the subcutaneous area and 2.72 grams in the visceral area. Based on the test results, it was found that there was no difference between subcutaneous (p=0.121) and visceral (p=0.443) fat tissue in all groups. Calorie restriction is beneficial for delaying aging and increasing mammal life span, but intermittent calorie restriction does not affect adipose tissue.


INTRODUCTION
Since ancient times, humans have tried to prolong their life and have done various ways to prevent the aging process (Masoodi et al., 2015). Aging is a syndrome of In 2020 the life expectancy of the Indonesian population increased to 71.4 years for men and 75.27 years for women (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Aging is a complex process and involves many factors (multifactorial) and cannot be negotiated (irreducibly). The changes occur from the molecular level (DNA, protein, lipid) to the cellular and organ levels (Burhans et al., 2019). In terms of endocrinology, during the aging process, there is an increase in adipose tissue levels because the process of breaking down food into energy decreases with aging and decreases in activity in the body (Moreno et al., 2016;Kuda, Rossmeisl, and Kopecky, 2018;Schübel et al., 2018). Aging in humans cannot be prevented, but it can still be slowed by reducing the number of calories consumed by the body (Kuzma et al., 2016;Sipe et al., 2017). Based on research conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison shows that one of the things that many people miss is the fact that aging can be slowed down by modifying the calories consumed so that the physiological changes of aging can be longer (Gopalan et al., 2016;Nakhuda et al., 2016).
A recent study showed that consuming 25% fewer calories daily could be the key to staying youthful. For women, the intake is equivalent to reducing 500 calories per day, meaning that they still meet the total intake of 1,500 rather than the recommended  (Haas et al., 2014;Solinas, Borén, and Dulloo, 2015;Hall et al., 2016).
The aging process in the body can cause a decrease in the function of human organs, and a decrease in the ability of organs to carry out their functions will cause the body's physiology. The decline in organ function that occurs physiologically and slowly will be accelerated if there are psychological problems in the body, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, so aging will also accelerate (Cowen et al., 2015;Liu et al., 2019). This condition of psychological problems can be caused by several factors, both internal and external, so that in this condition, there is an increase in adipose tissue in the human body.
Initially, the increase in adipose tissue occurs because of a decrease in health in the body caused by a decrease in enzymes and the performance of the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems of the body (Desarzens and Faresse, 2016;Davis et al., 2017).
In the aging process, there is an increase in the production of free radicals continuously due to the failure of compensation for body cells. Where free radicals are a by-product of the cellular energy production process, The number of animals that died in each test group.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the calorie restriction intervention in the four treatment groups, the average fat weight was measured in the subcutaneous and visceral sections.  (Masoodi et al., 2015).
Subcutaneous fat is fat or adipose tissue just below the skin layer by 50%, which contains not only fatty tissue but also blood vessels and nerves. Subcutaneous fat is a shock absorber, which helps protect the Nutritional factors will affect the percentage of body fat and are believed to be associated with various metabolic disease risks (Haas et al., 2014). Calorie restriction can be achieved by reducing the quantity of food a person consumes or by reducing the frequency of eating by fasting.
During fasting, the frequency of eating will decrease, which was originally three times a day. Now it is done two times a day, namely at dawn (towards the morning) and iftar (towards the evening). This shows that the calorie intake consumed when fasting is lower than when not fasting (Akbar and Jumsa, 2016