Analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Style and the Risk of Depression in Teenagers

Depression is an emotional state usually characterized by extreme sadness, feelings of worthlessness and guilt. Depression in teenagers requires support from parents for teenagers to be able to overcome it as well. Parents with a democratic parenting style will make the child's personality self-controlled and good with his friends. Among various factors influencing the risk of depression, parenting style is one of them. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between parenting style and the risk of depression. It is observational analytical research using a cross-sectional approach, by analyzing data of 102 respondents from grade 11 SMA N 7 Bekasi determined through purposive sampling. Data obtained was analyzed univariately for respondent’s characteristics and its bivariate analysis used the Chi-square test. The results showed the significant relationship between parenting style and the risk of depression (p = 0.000, <0.05).


INTRODUCTION
Teenage is a transition from childhood to adulthood, a developmental phase that changes life.Changes in teenagers include physical, behavioral, cognitive, biological, and emotional that include problems social, emotional, physical, and family, school, and peers (Stuart, 2013).The Ministry of Health states that teenagers have always been considered the healthiest period in life.
Teenagers' physical growth is not always related to maturity of abilities their thinking and emotions, the process of searching for identity also occurs during teenager and not recognizing oneself, which can cause various problems (Kemenkes RI, 2018).
According to the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), teenagers between the ages of 15 and 18 are most susceptible to depression, with 20% of those affected being 18 years old.The World Health Organization (WHO) also stated that 1 in 4 teenagers at this age suffer from depression.The Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas, 2018) shows that more than 19 million teenagers over the age of 15 suffer from mental disorders.mentalhealth and more than 12 million teenagers over the age of 15 suffer from depression (Rokom, 2021).
Teenagers with depression experience changes in thinking such as poor academic performance, difficulty concentrating, fear of death, loss of interest and motivation, pessimism and self-blaming (Stuart, 2013).
According to Matejevic, Jovanovic dan Ilic  Based on the table above, it is found that the parenting style seen from teenagers is democratic (69.6%), the parenting style seen from parents is democratic (67.6%), and there is no risk of depression (61.8%).
Table 2 shows that there are still many  It is estimated that by 2030, depression will be the leading cause of illness and one of the leading causes in women worldwide.
Depression is twice as common in women as men (ages 14-25), with a prevalence of 5.5% in women and 3.2% in men, meaning women are 1.7 times more likely to be affected than men (Albert, 2015).This research shows that teenagers whose        In this research, there are several different conclusions regarding the application of parenting styles that children perceive and those given by parents, such as children who feel that the parenting style given by their parents is a democratic parenting style, while the parenting style given by parents is an authoritarian parenting style.However, even though there are differences in the parenting style conclusions obtained from those given by parents, children are not at risk of depression.This is in line with research by Juhardin and Roslan (2016), which shows that authoritarian parenting

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2015), several studies show that emotional closeness with parents is very important for teenager's mental health.According to research conducted by Matejevic, Jovanovic dan Ilic (2015), teenagers with parenting styles that are too restrictive can cause depression because authoritarian parenting is a parenting style that has many rules and threatens to obey the parents' wishes (Tasuab, 2021).Study of Tasuab (2021), showed permissive parenting means letting children do what they want, parents do not punish and there is no control, in this parenting style there is a lack of closeness between family members.Research by Safitri dan Hidayati (2013), shows that parents who apply democratic parenting to the majority of teenagers (up to 63.8%).This will create a child's personality that can control itself and relate well to its friends.A preliminary study conducted by researchers at SMAN 7 Bekasi City, researchers obtained data from guidance and counseling teachers that found students who had lost interest and motivation in learning, lost self-confidence, were pessimistic, and felt suicidal, while teenagers should enjoy their teenage years with happy and loving parents.Researchers also conducted an interview with a student at SMAN 7 Bekasi Y.Supartini, R.Ningsih, R.R.I.Vernan.Analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Style and the Risk of Depression in Teenagers 142 DOI: 10.32668/jitek.v11i1.1363City.The results of the interviews obtained showed that students expressed a lack of parental love because their parents were too busy at work and too free in socializing and studying, so they felt jealous of their friends who were always guided by their parents.Regarding the background explained, researchers are encouraged to examine further the relationship between parenting styles and the risk of depression in teenagers.METHOD This is observational analytical research with a cross-sectional approach.The population of this research is teenagers of grade 11 at SMAN 7 Bekasi City.The research used 102 respondents sampling with purposive sampling technique.The inclusion criteria are teenagers aged 15-19 years, grade 11, living with their parents, still receiving parental care, willing to act as respondents and fill out informed consent and exclusion criteria, namely teenagers who receive care other than their parents, have moved from SMA N 7 Bekasi during the research period.
teenagers who receive parenting styles other than democratic parenting.This is in line with research by Rahmatia, Helvian and Trisnawaty (2022), with a sample of 169 students.The results of univariate analysis show that 33.7% of teenagers get democratic parenting., while 17.2% received a permissive parenting style and 30.8% received an authoritarian parenting style.Research conducted by Fitriana and Mustafida (2019) also shows that the most common parenting style is democratic parenting (45%), while permissive parenting (26%) and authoritarian parenting (29%).According to Suryandari (2020), children of authoritarian parents are often unhappy, anxious and lack self-confidence when dealing with other people, cannot initiate activities and have poor communication skills, and tend to behave aggressively.Children of democratic parents are often happy, self-confident and independent, and achievement oriented.According to Baumrind in Adnan (2018), permissive parenting causes children to control themselves, not want to obey and not participate in environmental activities.In this research, there are several different conclusions regarding the application of parenting styles that children perceive and those given by parents, such as children who feel that the parenting style given by their parents is a democratic parenting style, while the parenting style given by parents is an authoritarian parenting style.In line with research by Najwalillah (2023), where respondents considered the role of parents parents are divorced tend to experience the risk of depression, while teenagers whose parents are not divorced are 31 times less likely to experience the risk of depression, this is because parental separation will make children feel like they have lost the warmth of a family.This is in line with research by Cahayatiningsih, Apriliyani dan Rahmawati (2022), which shows that losing a parent due to divorce or death influences the incidence of depression in teenagers.Children who experience family conflict due to divorce feel they have lost their sense of kinship (in this situation the child feels neglected and alone), the quality of the relationship with their parents decreases because the child is more closed off, feels insecure, and feels very sad.
whose families often fight tend to never open up to family members and this will lead to a lack of communication and interaction between parents and teenagers.The results of this study are in line with research by Emilda, Machira dan Wahab (2016), which shows that there is a significant relationship between parentadolescent closeness and the prevalence of depression in teenagers.This research found that the percentage of teenagers who were not close to their parents suffered from depression 3.7 times higher (55.9%) compared to the percentage of teenagers who were close to their parents and suffered from depression (15.1%).In this study, factors that contribute to depression and anxiety in teenagers include closeness to the teenager's parents, father-mother conflict, excessive parental involvement, and lack of parental attention and supervision.In addition, this study also identified types of gender and parental occupation as factors causing depression in teenagers.
the analysis of table 8 of teenagers whose parents work with an income < UMP (Provincial Minimum Wage) are at risk of developing depression as many as 16 people (66.7%), while teenagers whose parents work with an income ≥ UMP (Provincial Minimum Wage) experience, the risk of developing depression was 23 people (29.5%).Based on the Chi-Square test, the p-value was 0.001, where the p-value ˂ a value was 0.05, which means there is a significant relationship between family economics and the risk of depression at SMAN 7 Bekasi City.From the results of the analysis, it was found that the Odds Ratio (OR) value was 4.783, which means that teenagers with working parents, < UMP (Provincial Minimum Wage) had a 4.8 times higher risk of developing depression than working parents whose income was ≥ UMP (Provincial Minimum Wage).The results of this study show that economic difficulties can influence interactions between parents and teenagers through the care provided due to parents' lack of attention to their children.In line with Emilda, Machira dan Wahab (2016), who showed a significant relationship between parental work and depression in teenagers.According to Simons, Whitbeck, & Wu (1994) in Fatimah, Sunarti dan Hastuti (2020), teenagers whose parents are under economic pressure are at risk of experiencing harsh parenting and this certainly has an impact on teenager development outcomes, and teenagers will imitate interaction styles.the.Teenagers will learn from their parents in friendship, how to imitate parents in resolving conflicts through violence rather than negotiation (Downey & Coyne, 1990 in Fatimah, Sunarti dan Hastuti, 2020).A poor family economy often gives rise to conflict within Y.Supartini, R.Ningsih, R.R.I.Vernan.Analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Style and the Risk of Depression in Teenagers 152 DOI: 10.32668/jitek.v11i1.1363 the family, which has a negative impact on the family atmosphere.The family's economic situation According to Simons, Whitbeck, & Wu (1994) in (Fatimah, Sunarti dan Hastuti (2020), teenagers whose parents are under economic pressure are at risk of experiencing harsh parenting and this certainly has an impact on teenager development outcomes, and teenagers will imitate interaction styles.the.Teenagers will learn from their parents in friendship, how to imitate parents in resolving conflicts through violence rather than negotiation (Downey & Coyne, 1990 in Fatimah, Sunarti dan Hastuti, 2020).A poor family economy often gives rise to conflict within the family, which has a negative impact on the family atmosphere.The family's difficult economic situation encourages parents to look for additional work and even leave the family to migrate.Children who experience separation from their parents because of work make children far from their parents and trigger feelings of sadness in children (Saputri and Nurrahima, 2020).
The results of this research show that the majority of teenagers who receive a very significant democratic parenting style do not experience the risk of depression, this is because parents with a democratic parenting style tend not to force their children to follow all their orders and do not allow their children to carry out daily activities.So that children can be more open to their parents by telling them about the problems they are facing.In line with Hidayanti, Febriana dan Setyowati (2023), with 189 respondents at SMAN 1 Boja, there is a relationship between parenting style and stress levels in high school students.In research by Rahmatia and Helvian (2022), with 169 respondents, it was shown that there was a significant relationship between the parenting style chosen by parents and the incidence of teenager depression at SMA Negeri 11 Makassar.The inappropriate role of parents in raising children can cause depression in children.Parental demands influence the level of depression in teenagers, because parents who apply an authoritarian parenting style tend to put a lot of pressure on children, and parents often limit children's self-expression, making them look rude and disrupting children's development.Parents with a permissive parenting style tend to let their children go so they worry that their children will be less responsible, because sometimes parents are afraid to set clear boundaries and are afraid of giving unpleasant advice to their children.Parents who use a democratic parenting style tend to invite their children all the time to discuss all the problems their children have.Parents and children adapt to different circumstances and situations.

DOI: 10.32668/jitek.v11i1.1363
In other matters in the social environment, most teenagers have never experienced as much bullying.Previous research in Indonesia found that the most common form of bullying among teenagers was verbal bullying(Visty, 2021).Teenagers need social interaction with their peers, spending time outside the home, and face-to-face communication with other people(Zuo et   al., 2021 in Rahmy dan Muslimahayati,   2021).Lack of these things causes many

Table 2 .
Frequency Distribution of Respondents Based on Parenting Style and Risk of Depression

Table 3 .
Analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Style and the Risk of Depression in Teenagers Relationship between age and risk of developing depression Y.Supartini, R.Ningsih, R.R.I.Vernan.

Table 4 .
Relationship between gender and risk of developing depression Y.Supartini, R.Ningsih, R.R.I.Vernan.Analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Style and the Risk of Depression in Teenagers 148 DOI: 10.32668/jitek.v11i1.1363

Table 5 .
Relationship between child order and risk of developing depression

Table 6 .
Relationship between parental divorce and the risk of developing depression

Table 7 .
Relationship between family conflict and the risk of developing depression

Table 8 .
Relationship between family economics and the risk of developing depression