The Effect of Psychosocial Interventions on Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review

Gambling is an unlawful act that has negative consequences for the life, health, and welfare of individuals, families, and communities. One of the efforts made to reduce the health impacts of gambling is by providing psychosocial interventions. This systematic review aims to examine the effect of various types of psychosocial interventions on gambling disorders. The systematic review was conducted on Clinical Key, Clinical Key for Nursing, Science Direct, ProQuest, Scopus, Sage Journal and Springer Link, Ebsco databases with searches conducted between October - December 2023. Screening articles according to inclusion criteria in the form of full-text articles, English, and published between 2012 and 2023. The initial search results obtained 4,194 articles. Then the initial screening was carried out through reading the title and abstract so that 215 articles were left to be processed to the next stage. In the next stage, the author checked the duplication of the article, so that 51 articles were obtained. In the fourth stage, the author read the full text and obtained a total of 10 articles. The results of the 10 articles reviewed found that CBT, motivational intervention, telephone counseling, and brief intervention are various types of psychotherapy that can help overcome gambling disorders. It is not clear which therapy is better among these therapies, but all therapies have their advantages and disadvantages, which are adjusted to the client's condition. Providing psychosocial interventions such as a combination of Motivational Interview Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, telephone counseling, and Brief Telephone Intervention can provide an effective solution to help individuals overcome gambling disorders and begin the journey of recovery. The use of Motivational Interviewing therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, telephone counseling, and Brief Therapy can be used in clinical and community settings to treat gambling disorder problems.


INTRODUCTION
Gambling is a social phenomenon that has existed for centuries, but in this modern era, gambling has become more accessible and widespread around the world.According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) gambling is a game using money or other valuables as a bet.Gambling is a gambler is a person who likes to gamble.Gambling was originally a harmless form of entertainment or recreation, but for some individuals this can have adverse consequences such as addiction.(Calado & Griffiths, 2016).
Addiction is a condition that results when a person ingests addictive substances such as alcohol, nicotine, narcotics, or engages in activities such as gambling, sex, shopping or other things that can provide pleasure, but continues to be compulsive and disruptive to their lives, such as work, social relationships, or health (Lukman, 2020).Gambling addiction in the DSM-5 is referred to as Gambling Disorder which is gambling behavior that is continuous and repetitive and is associated with significant distress or impairment (Potenza et al., 2019).(Potenza et al., 2019).Gambling disorder is a serious mental disorder with far-reaching negative impacts, including financial problems, interpersonal conflicts and mental health issues.
Gambling in society is often considered a public disease, where gambling practices can be carried out offline or online.Loterij's investigation from November 2021 to March 2022, as many as 2,576 played online gambling, both casino and soccer gambling in the Netherlands (Auer & Griffiths, 2023).The development of online gambling in Indonesia is currently very worrying with the population reaching 1% of the population (Sinambela, 2021).
Research on adolescents who play online gambling has found several problems such as lazy socializing, experiencing economic losses, lazy worship and decreased academic achievement.(Sahputra et.al, 2022).. Gambling disorders in households cause loss of family assets, laziness to work and neglect of family responsibilities, thus disrupting harmony in the family (Yani & Lubis, 2022).Other impacts that occur on the family economy are found to be bad stigmatization by the community on the family, economic problems in the family such as decreased purchasing power, to the disruption of social life (Saogo, Yuhelna, & Yuhelna, 2023).
The development of gambling in Indonesia is an important problem that must be addressed.This is evidenced by the President's instruction on the formation of an anti-gambling task force with the aim of eradicating bookies.In addition, gambling treatment can also be overcome with

Psychosocial
Therapy.Psychosocial therapy is an important approach in the This paper aims to investigate the effect of psychosocial therapy in the treatment of gambling disorder.Through this article, the author will try to understand whether therapy can be an effective method in helping individuals with gambling disorder.
In addition, the author will also identify the types of psychosocial therapy that are most effective and can influence the success of therapy in cases of gambling disorder.In the post-test and follow-up measures, the effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy in PG reduction was significant, F (1, 36)=176.902, p=0.001, ÿÿ2 p=0.856, ÿR2=0.871; and F (1, 36)=182.045, p=0.001, ÿÿ2 p=0.872, ÿR2=0.881Case study design, using a single subject design and comparing baseline data before and after intervention with subsequent intervention.

Measurements used (G-SAS), (FAD), (BDI), Hamilton (HAM-A), (OGD-Q), Revised Barratt Impulsivity Scale 21 items (BIS-R-21).
The sample utilized a single-subject design with case details.The client was 27 years old, Hindu, married with a middle socioeconomic background, and from Delhi, India, with a chief complaint of excessive online gambling.
The results showed that after the cognitive behavioral casework approach, there were differences in pre and post test scores on the Beck Depression Scale.There was an improvement in the gambler's behavior, which was maintained at the follow-up evaluation conducted 3 months post-treatment.CBT  The only significant difference between treatment conditions (across outcomes) was that SS had higher session attendance than t=2.24,p<0.03. 6 Sage Journal (Tse et al., 2013) Face The results of the 10 journals analyzed in table 1 above, all of which are types of psychotherapy used to treat gambling disorders and have proven their treatment of gambling disorders by helping individuals who experience gambling disorders to reduce and overcome gambling problems, restore control over their lives, and restore their well-being.Some types of psychosocial therapies that can be used in overcoming gambling disorders include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Brief Therapy, Motivational intervention and counseling.Although there are many types of psychosocial therapies available to treat gambling disorder, not many studies have investigated in depth the effect of different types of therapies in this case.
effectiveness through valid and accountable research methods.In the article above, CBT therapy is discussed in overcoming gambling disorders given individually or in groups, the results obtained are CBT is an effective psychotherapy in overcoming gambling disorders, as well as motivational therapy, brief therapy and telephone gambling disorder counseling, all of which can be used to overcome gambling disorders.CBT focuses on identifying and changing harmful thought patterns and behaviors, while Brief Intervention provides brief encounters to raise awareness of the negative impact of gambling.Motivational Interviewing helps to generate an individual's internal motivation for change, and telephone counseling provides quick access to professional support, especially for those who face barriers in seeking immediate help.In combination, these approaches can provide holistic support, helping individuals understand the consequences of gambling, formulate change goals, and build motivation to overcome their gambling disorder.is a therapeutic approach that focuses on behavior change by motivating individuals to identify, consider and overcome ambivalence related to specific behavior change.In the context of gambling disorder, MI can be used to explore clients'wants and needs, identify the negative consequences of gambling, and motivate them to take steps towards recovery.reduction in the severity of problem gambling and psychological distress of participants, which is a small effect size change in the short term and a large effect size change at 18 months of follow-up.(Milic et al., 2022).Cognitive Behavior Therapy(CBT) is an evidence-based therapy that identifies and changes maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors.(Stuart, 2023).In the context of gambling disorder, CBT can help clients identify negative thoughts that drive gambling behavior, replace them with more positive thought patterns, and develop healthy coping skills.Some of the advantages of CBT are Encouraging selfreflection and understanding of the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, providing concrete coping skills to overcome gambling triggers, effective in the long term to prevent relapse due to gambling.This is evidenced by research on Assessment of the Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Reducing Pathological Gambling, where the results obtained at the pretest stage did not have a significant comparison between the intervention and control groups.after participants were given the intervention, participants in the treatment group had a mean post-test score of 24.57± 1.64, while participants in the waiting list control group had a mean post-test score of 59.44 ± 11.02.There was a large difference postintervention (Ede et al., 2020).Thus group cognitive behavioral therapy is an impactful therapy in reducing pathological gambling among students.It has also validated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in changing wrong thinking and replacing it with better and realistic alternative ways of thinking.In addition, there are several other therapies such as A Case Study of a Person with Gambling Disorder and Depression: A Cognitive-Behavioral Casework Approach, which says that shows that psychiatric social work assessments and interventions for clients that focus on improving coping strategies and changing unhelpful patterns of cognition, behavior, and emotions based on the Cognitive Behavioral Approach are effective.(Ali & Gajendragad, 2023).In addition, research on Effects of added involvement from concerned significant others in internetdelivered CBT treatments for problem gambling: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, also proves that the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) supported by the involvement of CSOs (significant others) can increase the effectiveness of problem gambling treatment.The study also showed that internet-delivered treatment can be an effective alternative to face-to-face treatment.(Nilsson, Magnusson, Carlbring, Andersson, & Hellner Gumpert, 2016).Meanwhile, if we compare between motivation interviewing and CBT in dealing with gambling effectiveness in the study Motivational Interviewing Versus Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy in the Treatment of Problem and Pathological Gambling: A Randomized Controlled Trial, the results showed that both MI and CBGT were more effective than the no-treatment control group in the short term, with significant improvements seen in the main measures.However, there was no significant difference between MI and CBGT in terms of effectiveness.Both types of treatment showed significant reductions in most outcome measures in their respective groups up to 12-month followup.The study also found that MI and CBGT had similar levels of treatment credibility, but there was variation in treatment preference among participants.Adherence to treatment was generally low, with participants attending an average of 70% of CBGT sessions and 72.5% of MI sessions.Overall, the results of this study suggest that both MI and CBGT are promising treatments for problem and pathological gambling problems, but there is still room for improvement in terms of outcomes and adherence.This study highlights the importance of considering treatment preferences and the need for further research comparing different treatment approaches for gambling disorders (Carlbring et al., 2010).Telephone counseling is an effective alternative to face-to-face meetings.Through this communication technology, counselors can provide emotional support, provide information, and assist clients in the management of stress and distress associated with gambling disorders (Kazdin & Blase, 2011).Some of the advantages of telephone counseling are that it is efficient and can be implemented in a short time, providing support immediately after a gambling incident, facilitating rapid intervention in critical situations.This is evidenced by the study Face-toterms of overall change in scores before and after the intervention (Tse et al., 2013).(Tse et al., 2013)However, it is important to consider telephone intervention as it saves costs.Brief therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on changing behavior in a short period of time.In the context of gambling disorder, brief therapy can help to quickly identify triggers, design specific goals, and use cognitive-behavioral techniques to change harmful thought patterns and behaviors.This approach also utilizes positive reinforcement, education, and social support, with periodic assessments to monitor progress.Although brief, brief therapy can be effective in helping individuals overcome gambling disorders and prevent a return to risky behaviors.This is evidenced by research on A Randomized Trial of Brief Interventions for Problem and Pathological Gamblers, the results obtained were At week 6, the group receiving brief advice showed a significant reduction in ASI-G scores (p = 0.02) and the amount of money wagered (p = 0.03) compared to the control group.(Hodgins, Currie, Currie, & Fick, 2009).In addition, behavior therapy (CBT), telephone counseling, and telephone briefs in overcoming gambling problems should begin to be carried out by health workers who are competent in overcoming gambling disorders in individuals and groups in the community and in the clinic.

Table 1 .
Literature search matrix and result METHODSThis study is a literature review study taken from various literatures from several online databases.The steps used in inclusion and exclusion for the literature search strategy by searching the literature with keywords